Where U DEPTH OF CUT IN X AXIS (RADIAL) R RETRACTION P START N BLOCK NUMBER Q END N BLOCK NUMBER U FINISHING ALLOWANCE IN X AXIS W FINISHING ALLOWANCE IN Z AXIS F FEEDRATE
A CNC program is a series of instructions, assigned to different tools and operations. If such a program includes two or more repetitive instructions, its structure should be changed from a single long program to two or more separate programs. Each repetitive instruction is written only once and called when required. This is the main concept of subprograms. Figure below shows a typical part layout repeated at different locations.
A programmed tool motion creates a pattern, contour or a pocket that can be rotated about a defined point by specified angle. With this control feature, there are many opportunities to make the programming process much more flexible and equally efficient. This very powerful programming feature, usually a special control option, is called the Coordinate System Rotation, or just Coordinate Rotation.
A conventional engine lathe or a turret lathe is a common machine in just about every machine shop. A lathe is used for machining cylindrical or conical work, such as shafts, rings, wheels, bores, threads, etc. The most common lathe operation is removal of material from a round stock, using a turning tool for external cutting. A lathe can also be used for internal operations such as boring, as well as for grooving, threading, etc., if a proper cutting tool is used.
All machine tools from a simple knee type milling machine up to a five axis profiler can be included in this category. They vary in size, features, suitability for certain work, etc., but they do all have one common denominator - their primary axes are the X and Y axes - and for this reason, they are called the XY machines.
In order to shape metal by machine tools, the cutting tool should move in contact with the workpiece at certain specific points, while the workpiece or cutting tool is rotating.Coordinate system is required to define the movement on the machine.
The computer numerical control (CNC) facilitates integration of various manufacturing operations, provides flexibility to accommodate the design changes and reduces the human error thereby increasing the safety level in the manufacturing floor. In addition, CNC results in high accuracy and short production time.