DC MOTOR
An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Principle
It is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's Left-hand rule and whose magnitude is given by:
Force, F = B×i×L newton
Where B is the magnetic field in weber/m2.
i= the current in amperes and
L= the length of the coil in meter.
The force, current and the magnetic field are all in different directions.
If an Electric current flows through two copper wires that are between the poles of a magnet, an upward force will move one wire up and a downward force will move the other wire down.
H bridge motor driver circuit
Description
The circuit given here is of a simple H bridge motor driver circuit using easily available components. H Bridge is a very effective method for driving motors and it finds a lot of applications in many electronic projects especially in robotics.The circuit shown here is a typical four transistor H Bridge. The diodes D1 to D4 provide a safer path for the back emf from the motor to dissipate and thus it protects the corresponding bipolar transistors from damage. Resistors R1 to R4 limit the base current of the corresponding transistors. Working of this circuit is very easy to understand. When terminal D is grounded and A is pulled to +Vcc, transistors Q1 and Q4 will be on and current passes through the motor from left to right. When terminal B is grounded and C is pulled to +Vcc, transistors Q3 and Q2 will be on and current passes through the motor from right to right making the motor to rotate in the opposite direction.
H-Bridge circuits
An H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards and backwards.
Operation
H bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components. The term H bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
The H-bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motor's terminals are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected from the circuit. The following table summarises operation, with S1-S4 corresponding to the diagram above.
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